Perceptions Of Tourism As A Career Tourism Essay Example

Perceptions Of Tourism As A Career Tourism Essay Percepts of touristry as a calling can be viewed from the sets of relationships that play a function in advancing touristry as a calling in Curacao. In this chapter the focal point will be on the questionnaire that will supply the reply to the research inquiry: How make the authorities policy, the industry policy and the pedagogues policy promote and perceive touristry as a calling in the turning touristry sector of Curacao in 2012? Harmonizing to Minichiello, Aroni, Timewell and Alexander ( 1990 ) one manner to analyze qualitative informations is through the subject cryptography system by constellating the information into the subjects related to the survey. The cryptography is done by interrupting down the interview transcripts into classs followed by delegating labels or subjects to the responses that are important to the issue being studied ( Bryman A ; Bell, 2003 ; Strauss A ; Corbin, 1990 ) . A sum of eight participants was interviewed of whom three authorities functiona ries, two representatives of the industry and three plan directors of touristry instruction. Interviews were conducted with cardinal participants from these organisations to understand their attempts in advancing touristry as a calling. The parametric quantities that were considered in the choice procedure implied that participants must be cardinal participants, based on the degree of their cognition on the cardinal involvement of this survey. The informations aggregation for the interviews was developed to capture the perceptual experiences of the functionaries from assorted organisations on the same issue, and their perceptual experiences on the extent to which they have been advancing touristry as a alumnus calling. Therefore, comparable inquiries were asked to all stakeholders in order to analyze and contrast their reaction on how the issue is viewed from different positions, and they were divided into different subdivisions sing, instruction policy, authorities policy, industry policy and pupil perceptual experiences. The informations aggregation for the in-depth and semi-structured interviews was arranged in three stairss, as follows: The interview transcripts were categorized into several subjects utilizing Microsoft Excel to fix an interview drumhead sheet. This drumhead sheet simplified the transcripts into matrix signifier, from which the emerging subjects were identified. With respect to the survey topic a petition for blessing was sent to the research commission of ICUC. Meetings were held with the instructor that guided the research worker throughout the research. We will write a custom essay sample on Perceptions Of Tourism As A Career Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Perceptions Of Tourism As A Career Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Perceptions Of Tourism As A Career Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The inquiry construction for this survey it is best described as the unfastened inquiry construction. To steer the research worker through the procedure of informations aggregation a standard set of inquiries was used. Besides inquiries that came up were asked on the subject when this was necessary as the interview progressed. Profile of the Participants The information aggregation was performed in different ways. The questionnaire, transcripts of interviews with participants, the notes taken on observations by the research worker and information analysis served as the beginnings of informations aggregation. The mean clip of the interviews was 30 proceedingss and all the interviews were conducted at the work topographic point of the participants. Standards were identified in choosing grownup scholars for this survey. The standards used to screen participants are outlined in Table 4. The interviews were conducted in English and when necessary translated into Papiamentu ( the native linguistic communication of the participants ) . The participants expressed themselves in English and where non able to react in English because of the words they did non cognize they complemented in Papiamentu. The transcripts of the interviews were sent to the participants for their reappraisal and blessing. Table: Choice Criteria Participants Standards Parameter Description Cognition Tourism development Officials within this scope are the cardinal participants based on the degree of their cognition on the cardinal involvement of this survey. Gender Male and Female Males and females were interviewed in this survey. Participants Eight participants In-depth interviews were conducted with eight functionaries, two representatives of the industry, three representatives of touristry instruction and three authorities functionaries. The profile of all the participants in the in-depth interviews is available in the undermentioned tabular array that consists of three parts. In this table information about the participant is available, such as business, education/degree and gender. The eight participants were divided into three groups. The first group is the group of participants stand foring the authorities bureaus. The 2nd group is the group of participants stand foring the industry. The 3rd group is the group of participants stand foring touristry instruction. Table: Participants Interviewed Group 1 Representatives of the Government bureaus Participant No. Occupation Participant Organization Part. 1 Advisor/Consultant/Coordinator Government Labor personal businesss Part. 2 Coordinator policy preparation and development Government Tourism personal businesss Part. 3 Advisor/Coordinator course of study development Government Education personal businesss Group 2 Representatives of the Industry Participant No. Occupation Participant Organization Part. 4 Selling and Product Developer CHATA Part. 5 Undertaking Development Coordinator CTB Group 3 Representatives of touristry instruction Participant No. Occupation Participant Organization Part. 6 Teacher/Coordinator Tourism plans Maris Stella SBO Part. 7 Teacher/Coordinator Restaurant/Bar Tourism plans Marnix Hospitality VSBO Part. 8 Trainer of the unmarried man touristry and cordial reception plan Intercontinental University of the Caribbean ( ICUC ) Consequences of the interviews In this paragraph the consequences or the interviews conducted with the three key stakeholders mentioned above are presented. First it will analyze the chief human resource issues faced in Curacao s touristry industry. Then the probe among the relationship among interest holders in advancing touristry as a calling is presented. It will go on looking at the activities or steps that these stakeholders have been set abouting in advancing touristry as a calling to pupils, every bit good as to which widen the stakeholders perceive these steps as adequate to increase pupil engagement in the industry. Main human resource issues faced: the stakeholders were asked about the chief human resource issues faced by the touristry industry or their ain organisations and the factors underlying those issues. The cardinal issue that emerged from this inquiry was the deficit of skilled labour or specifically, trouble in pulling alumnuss to work in touristry. Further scrutiny found factors that resulted in the deficiency of attraction in what the industry offers to alumnuss. The chief touristry human resource issues are the deficiency of preparation in the touristry human resources and the societal jobs the human resources have and are non easy to work out because of deficiency of budget. ( Ministry of Tourism ) The deficiency of trained work force for the touristry industry for the coming old ages, informations about vacancies in the touristry sector. ( CTB ) The chief issue at the minute is the work attitude, non service-minded work force and the measure of trained human resources. ( CHATA ) Deficits of skilled labour in the touristry environment are perceived as one of the cardinal human resource issues in touristry by the stakeholders: The issue is general credence by pupils of callings in touristry. They are non taking it whole-heartedly. ( Ministry of Tourism ) There is deficiency of work force. The involvement of the locals to work in the hotel sector is non at that place. ( CTB ) We have difficulty pulling new people to the industry, jobs pulling those who have studied touristry. ( CHATA ) The stakeholders agreed that the issue is non merely in pulling motivated workers to take callings in touristry, but to pull choice people with the necessary cognition and makings to lend to the industry. This echoes the determination from the Strategic Tourism Master Plan for the island of Curacao ( 2010 ) by supplying grounds that the challenges in pulling alumnuss to work in touristry in Curacao are still unresolved. Coded replies Main HR issue Deficit skilled labour force CHATA Lack quality trained work force ( Ltwf ) No general credence ( Nga ) CTB Lack of trained work force ( Ltwf ) No involvement ; Lack of local adult male power ( Ni ; Llmp ) Ministry of Tourism Lack of trained work force ( Ltwf ) Trouble pulling qualified work force ( Daqwf ) Cardinal factors for the deficiency of involvement in touristry as a calling: The stakeholders explained that the cardinal factor that contributes to the deficiency of involvement among alumnuss to work in touristry is the unattractiveness of what the industry offers, peculiarly by offering low wages which is closely linked to holding to get down from low places. Two pedagogues emphasize that wage in the touristry industry should reflect pupils makings: In footings of wage, it should be harmonizing to makings. ( ICUC ) In footings of wage, employers should pay the alumnuss harmonizing to their making. They should besides offer more inducements to increase public involvement to take callings in touristry. ( Maris Stella SBO ) This factor, harmonizing to authorities functionaries and pedagogues, makes the pupils feel that their making is undervalued which consequences in negative images of touristry as an employer: The obvious factor is the low wage. In hotels, it does nt count if you have a grade in touristry direction, you will still travel with the rank and file occupations or entry-level occupations. So that makes it unattractive. ( Ministry of Tourism ) Employers take advantage by offering low wage to the pupils to either take it or go forth it. Some pupils are all right with this but there are besides those who are frustrated for being asked to make occupations that are non compatible with their accomplishments and making. ( Ministry of Labor Affairs ) The industry organic structures admitted that low wages and holding to get down from low places do occur in touristry, because most touristry concerns in Curacao are non doing big net incomes or merely that some employers were being unjust towards the alumnuss. However, they besides argued that alumnuss should non anticipate to be paid for their makings entirely. They noted that working in touristry can be honoring every bit long as alumnuss can show their capableness and productiveness in the workplace. Productivity is an interesting subject which emerged from the interviews with industry organic structures. It was noted by industry organic structures as an of import standard to find salary to be offered to alumnuss. Future surveies hence could look into ways to step and better alumnuss productiveness in the industry. The bulk of those who work in travel and circuit companies are non good paid merely because these concerns are barely profitable. If every individual thinks about wage, this is non the country to look at. If they want to acquire higher wage, they have to stand out in their occupation. They can non anticipate to be paid for their grade. The sector is happy to pay them if they can bring forth. ( CTB ) The hotels are non that playing just neither, by non paying them harmonizing to their makings. It is all right if you want them to get down from a lower rank but in footings of wage, you need to take into consideration their makings. However, pupils besides need to understand that this is one industry where if you want to be successful, makings are non that of import. If you have a making it enhances you, but it is non that indispensable in this industry. ( CHATA ) Coded replies Cardinal factors deficiency of involvement ICUC No wage harmonizing makings ( Npaq ) Maris Stella SBO No wage harmonizing makings ( Npaq ) ; Incentives ( Inc ) Ministry of Tourism No wage harmonizing makings ( Npaq ) Ministry of Labor Affairs No wage harmonizing makings ( Npaq ) CTB No wage harmonizing makings ( Npaq ) ; Entry-Level occupations ( Elj ) CHATA No wage harmonizing makings ( Npaq ) ; Entry-Level occupations ( Elj The issues sing the deficiency of involvement in the touristry sector are confirmed by the industry bodies although the argued that high wage should be justified by the alumnuss productiveness in the workplace and non by makings entirely. Educators believe that in order to do touristry occupations more attractive, pupils should be paid harmonizing to their makings. Relevance touristry course of study to industry demands: The literature in chapter two suggests that another factor that may take to a skilled labour deficit in touristry is tourism instruction that is irrelevant to the demands of the industry ( Purcell A ; Quinn, 1996 ; Williams, 2005 ) . The deficiency of certainty amongst the industry towards the relevancy of touristry instruction may ensue in alumnuss fighting to be employed by the industry in nice occupations. To analyze this, the stakeholders were asked about the extent to which they perceive instruction in touristry direction in universities and touristry plans in secondary schools in Curacao as relevant to their demands. By and large, the touristry course of study at the university and secondary schools in Curacao is perceived by pedagogues as relevant to the stakeholders, justified by the industry s engagement in the development of the course of study: I think it is relevant to the industry s demands, in fact they were involved during the development stage of the course of study ( Maris Stella SBO ) During our meeting with the industry to reexamine the course of study, they did give some feedback. Based on that feedback we have revised our course of study. We hope that such duologue will guarantee the relevancy of the course of study to the industry s demands. ( Marnix Hospitality VSBO ) However, there are concerns among industry organic structures on the focal point of the course of study, and to what extent touristry course of study at public establishments are benchmarked with established course of study from international third establishments: The secondary schools make usage of the word tourism to sell their touristry plan but they do non sell any peculiar sector. As a consequence, pupils have so many things to cover so educators cover the topics superficially. ( CHATA ) I think the ICUC is keeping high criterions. The public university is what I am worrying about because, it does non hold any touristry plans. ( CTB ) There seems to be conflicting perceptual experiences between the industry and the pedagogues in footings of the relevancy of the touristry course of study to the industry s demands. This is surprising when the pedagogues declared that touristry course of study was developed and revised with input from industry. However, the industry organic structures raised concerns about touristry course of study in Curacao. They believe it is excessively wide. In drumhead, it is apparent that the cardinal human resource issue in touristry in Curacao is the deficit of skilled labour. The cardinal stakeholders believe that this is a consequence of two chief issues, low-pay and low-level places offered to alumnuss. In footings of the relevancy of touristry instruction in Curacao to the industry s demands, the industry bodies perceive that touristry instruction in Curacao is excessively general. As suggested by the authorities bureaus and the pedagogues, pupils involvement in working in touristry can be increased if the industry is willing to pay alumnuss harmonizing to their makings. Coded replies Relevance touristry course of study to industry demands Maris Stella SBO Curriculum is relevant ( Cir ) Marnix Hospitality VSBO Curriculum is relevant ( Cir ) CHATA Curriculum is wide ( Cib ) CTB Curriculum is relevant ( Cir ) All stakeholders were asked whether or non forums exist for them and other stakeholders to discourse pulling alumnuss to touristry. The stakeholders relationships investigated involve the authorities, industry and pedagogues. Discoursing the relationships amongst these three stakeholders enabled the research worker to estimate the extent to which these stakeholders co-ordinate their attempts and interact. This will be viewed get downing with government-industry relationships, followed by government-educator relationships and eventually, industry-educator relationships. As discussed, the relationships amongst the stakeholders occur in the touristry and instruction environments. In the touristry environment, the accent is on the preparation of policies in developing human resources in touristry and advancing touristry as a calling. In the instruction environment, the relationships involve the development of touristry instruction which besides leads to fixing pupils for occupations in touristry. Relationships between stakeholders may take topographic point in merely one environment, but in some instances across the two environments, either straight, or with a stakeholder moving as a go-between who provides the forum for the relationships to go on. The government-industry relationship: the authorities bureaus were asked about forums for them to run into the industry to discourse human resource issues in touristry. The Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Labor indicated that close relationships have been established with the industry, peculiarly on audiences about touristry instruction and preparation plans: The Ministry will plan an instruction plan harmonizing to input from the industry so that the plan will hold academic and economic value. Most of the plans involve the industry in their development and alteration phase. ( Maris Stella SBO ) In planing the course of study, we will confer with the industry to guarantee that the course of study suits their demands. So I can state that the course of study in secondary schools is compliant and industry-driven. ( Marnix Hospitality VSBO ) The highest forum sing preparation in respect to this Ministry is the Human Resource Board meeting at the CTB. The members of the board include representatives from the industry to discourse issues related to preparation in the industry. ( Ministry of Labor ) In the touristry environment, the Ministry of Tourism provides the industry with the chance to raise issues related to human resource direction in touristry, including pulling the alumnuss to work in touristry: We have what we call the Human Resource Board meeting. This is where the industry will come and lucubrate about what is needed by the industry. I think this is a good forum, because in smart partnerships its better to hear from the industry because they know what they want. The industry organic structures were asked similar inquiries, and besides agreed that they have close cooperation with the ministries responsible for human resource development in touristry. The cooperation is in activities advancing touristry as a calling ( with the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Labor Affairs ) and course of study development ( with the Ministry of Education ) : We cooperate with the Ministry Education on course of study development and alteration. With the Ministry of Labor personal businesss we discuss a batch of industry jobs refering HR issues. The Ministry of Tourism is our anchor ministry and we work really closely sing issues about hotels including the human resources issues. ( CHATA ) Relationships exists. With the Ministry of Tourism, we discuss issues sing the preparation of touristry forces. With the Ministry of Education, we collaborate in the development of touristry related course of study. ( CTB ) The relationship between the authorities and the industry in discoursing human resource direction issues in touristry in Malaysia is ongoing. Both stakeholders agreed that they have been join forcesing and the cardinal issues of treatment include touristry human resource development and touristry instruction. Coded replies Relationship between authorities and industry by forums Maris Stella SBO Relationship exists ( Re ) Marnix Hospitality VSBO Relationship exists ( Re ) Ministry of Labor Affairs Forum exists ( Fe ) Ministry of Education Forum exists ( Fe ) CHATA Relationship exists ( Re ) CTB Relationship exists ( Re ) Government-Educator Relationships: mirroring the cooperation with the industry, the authorities representatives by and large agree that they have close relationships with the pedagogues. However, the grade of cooperation does vary. The Ministry of Education seem to hold stronger relationships with the pedagogues, chiefly in the development of touristry course of study. This possibly because the pedagogues and this Ministry belong to the educational environment. The Ministry of Education is the keeper of instruction. Therefore the pedagogues and the Ministry have truly a stopping point relationship as there are many forums for the Ministry to convey its policy to the schools. Schools are the implementers of the policy and so far we have no job with that. The pedagogues themselves are public retainers so they will make as directed by the authorities. ( Maris Stella SBO ) The instruction establishments will implement anything that comes from the Ministry. Even though it is out of their capableness, they will seek to do it operational the best manner that they can. ( Ministry of Education ) In the instance of the Ministry of Tourism, the Human Resource Board meeting reference mentioned earlier in the subdivision that addresses government-industry relationship earlier was besides described as a forum for the Ministry to run into the pedagogues, peculiarly on the issues of touristry instruction. However, the Ministry believes that touristry course of study are already in topographic point and indicated that the council is now giving more accent to pull offing human resources in touristry. The Ministry of Tourism is non involved with course of study development. This is noted by the pedagogues that relationships with the authorities ( in discoursing issues related to tourism instruction ) are by and large stronger with the Ministry of Education than with the Ministry of Tourism The way is merely one manner. We educators feel that there is no bottom-up attack in this communicating. The Ministry of Tourism visits us sometimes. But once more when it comes to the pupils, I think there is deficiency of engagement from them the Ministry of Tourism. ( Marnix Hospitality VSBO ) We do non acquire the chance to work with the Ministry of Tourism, possibly because we are under the horizon of the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Tourism should look at secondary schools because the work force for touristry comes from these establishments. ( Maris Stella SBO ) Coded replies Relationship between Government-Educators Maris Stella SBO Relationship exists ( Re ) Ministry of Education Relationship exists ( Re ) Marnix Hospitality VSBO Relationship exists ( Re ) Although there is grounds of strong relationships between the authorities and pedagogues, it is more evident in the instruction environment. This is because each ministry has different maps and duties and therefore play a stronger function in the environment for which they are responsible. Therefore, the Ministry of Education as the authorities organic structure in the instruction environment plays a stronger function in touristry instruction and has stronger relationships with the pedagogues. In the touristry environment, the forum at the Ministry of Tourism, the Human Resource Board meeting, discusses touristry human resource direction more than touristry instruction. This possibly accounts for the weak relationship between the Ministry of Tourism and pedagogues. One respondent, did note that there was no underside up line of communicating with the Ministry of Tourism. This remark demonstrates that interactions between stakeholders are non ever perceived as just and do non needfully affect mutual flows of information. Industry-Educators Relationships: The industry organic structures and Tourism Malaysia perceived that they do non hold close relationships with the pedagogues in discoursing the publicity of touristry as a calling or in touristry instruction: We have relationships with the university for amplifications. ( CHATA ) There surely is but I do nt believe the forums are effectual. ( CTB ) The pedagogues, nevertheless, contradict this impression by stating that they have close relationships with the industry in course of study development: For course of study reappraisals, we have a commission but the rank of the industry organic structures is non lasting because sometimes the issues that discussed affect merely some peculiar sectors. But overall, we meet the industry more than we meet the authorities. ( Maris Stella SBO ) The Curriculum Evaluation Committee at the Ministry of Education comprises the industry organic structures representatives and we meet on an ad hoc footing or when there are issues. ( Marnix Hospitality ) There seem to be conflicting positions between the industry and pedagogues in footings of relationships sing the issue of human resource direction in touristry, peculiarly in advancing touristry as a calling in Curacao. The industry feels that the relationships between them and the pedagogues in course of study development are non evident while the pedagogues frequently noted that the coactions are close with the industry during the developments and alterations of the course of study. One possible account for these conflicting positions is the fact that the forums where both stakeholders meet were mediated by the authorities. Therefore, the industry does non see a direct relationship with the pedagogues in course of study development because the forums were at the Ministry of Education and non secondary schools. Although the forums were mediated by the Ministry, pedagogues perchance perceive themselves as portion of the ministry and therefore see the forums as direct relationships with the industry. Nevertheless, the authorities emphasized that the functions of industry and pedagogues are of import in the preparation of policies in touristry human resource development, and will guarantee that such cooperation continues to go on: The industry and pedagogues must look at each other in the sense that they can complement each other, so that the cooperation could travel the authorities policy frontward much faster. The industry knows what they want from the instruction system and the pedagogues can supply harmonizing to the industry s demands. The authorities will supply the environment for that to go on. ( Ministry of Tourism ) The functions of both industry and pedagogues are of import and the authorities will do certain this is ongoing. ( Ministry of Labor Affairs ) Coded replies Relationship between Industry-Educators CHATA Relationship exists ( Re ) CTB Relationship exists ( Re ) ; Relationship non effectual ( Rna ) Maris Stella SBO Relationship exists ( Re ) ; Relationship non effectual ( Rna ) Marnix Hospitality Relationship exists ( Re ) ; Relationship non effectual ( Rna ) Ministry of touristry Relationship exists ( Re ) The relationships and cooperation amongst stakeholders in Curacao in advancing touristry callings exist but at different strengths. The Ministry of Education has near cooperation with both the industry and pedagogues ; nevertheless, the Ministry of Tourism cooperates more with the industry than with the pedagogues. Therefore, the relationships between the authorities and both industry and pedagogues seem stronger in the instruction environment than in the touristry environment where the relationship between the Ministry of Tourism and pedagogues is perceived as weak. The failing of the relationship between the Ministry of Tourism and pedagogues is a contemplation of the division of duties between the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Higher Education. The Ministry of Tourism is non to a great extent involved in affairs related to touristry instruction. The relationships between industry and pedagogues besides exist, but are perceived otherwise by the stakeholders. Industry does non see direct relationships with the pedagogues yet the pedagogues believe that the cooperation is ongoing peculiarly in touristry instruction. One cardinal issue that emerged is that the authorities plays a go-between function in conveying all the stakeholders together by supplying the forum for the employers and pedagogues to run into and discourse issues related to tourism instruction and advancing touristry as a alumnus calling. Promotion of touristry as a calling: the stakeholders were asked about steps and activities that they have been set abouting in advancing touristry as a calling to pupils. This survey found that there are metameric duties between the authorities bureaus. There is a division of labour among them. The Ministry of Tourism focal points on activities to advance touristry callings. However, the activities are limited to merely secondary school pupils ; they are merely conducted by the industry organic structure. For the clip being our seminar on callings in touristry is limited. At the same clip an industry association besides conducted awareness plans about callings in their sector and this is funded by the Ministry . ( Ministry of Tourism ) Conversely, other Ministries put more accent on advancing touristry plans than touristry callings. For illustration, the Ministry of Labor personal businesss conducts promotional activities that merely advance touristry plans at peculiar establishments. However, they argue that by advancing touristry plans the pupils will develop their involvements and be inclined to do touristry a calling: We conduct awareness plans to advance touristry plans offered by our secondary schools in all countries of survey. As for the calling pick, we will promote and steer them for callings in touristry while they are still in school but the determination rests in the alumnuss ain custodies once they completed the plan. ( Ministry of Education ) Our offices do publicity but this is being done overall regardless of the sector. For a more specialised sector like touristry, the preparation establishments themselves do their ain promotional enterprises. ( Ministry of Labor personal businesss ) Unlike the Ministry of Tourism, the Ministry Labor personal businesss, and the Ministry of Education quoted above who promote either touristry callings or touristry plans, the Ministry instruction does non stipulate any activities or programs to advance touristry. They indicate that that there is no program to add more universities offering touristry plans. This is because the Ministry do non see the demand for university gr

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Australian painting, colony to nation - Essay Example The essay "Australian painting, colony to nation" discovers the Australian landscape paintings. Landscape art is an art form that depicts the natural beauty of the scenery. This art involves the capturing of features like mountains, rivers, valleys, forests among many others. On the other hand, contemporary arts are works of art from during the post World War II period to date. The Australian Aboriginal art describes the artistic aspects of the indigenous people of Australia whose way of life was nomadic uncivilized. In short, all these forms of art complement one another in describing what Australian historic art entails. They bring out the evolution of art in this isolated island nation that is rich and wealthy. Therefore, this essay will seek to bring out the history of landscape art in Australia in a sense that it was not a progressive discovery. It will blend ideas on the establishment of changing concepts in building pictures that are more appropriate. It will also the cultural construction that tend to out play one another in the complexity of invention web. Since the pre-colonial period, art has been a way of preserving a community’s heritage and pride. The techniques varied between different communities in the world. The artists in these societies used the locally available materials to try to express their concepts. Over the years, civilization led to the improvement in the doing of arts. For instance, during the Paleolithic age the people used to do their paintings or works of art. in walls of caves that existed in their vicinity. These magnificent art works exist to date in museums and cultural heritage sites. Most of them are thousand and thousand years old, but they still portray the way of living for people in that era (Sayers, 2001:19). These paintings have helped archaeologists in writing the history of their nations as they give documented evidence. In essence, the history of art in Australia is no different from the histories of other countries as the stages it took in evolution are relatively the same to the others. Ideally, the art market in the traditional times strongly believed in oil paintings in representing landscapes of Australia. However, contemporary art over took the oil paintings within the domestic market paving way for international accreditation for artistes from Australia (Coombes, 2006:23). With the focus on landscape painting, the Australian landscape is one guided by notions of beauty, style, and decor. The landscape paintings by artists from Australia depicted their artistic tastes and preferences. In essence, paintings do not speak, but they tend to communicate. The expressions within a painting need to have a proper arrangement to depict its social relations to power. The communicative aspect and the social aspect need not separated as they will detract the meaning hidden in the painting (Short, 2005:197). Ideally, landscape painting is a highly selective process meaning that only the eleme nts that are of essence get to select to be part of the painting. However, emphasize is also on some key aspects that trend to portray the meaning of the scenery in question. Essentially, these paintings provide a relation between them and the original landscape where drawn. Remarkably, some foreign painters also managed to paint out the landscapes in Australia despite the fact

Atomic Energy Exercises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atomic Energy Exercises - Assignment Example An approximation of the distance of separation for curve 2 appears to be bigger than that of curve 1 thus accounting for the smaller energy than that of curve 1. The maximum amount of force that is needed to push the particles together is greater in curve 1 than in curve 2. This is because the vector force that pulls particles towards each other is inversely proportional to the square of the separation distance and directly proportional to the products of the two charges. Case 2 There is immense proton repulsion between the protons within the nucleus because of the Coulomb’s law electrostatic interactions. In this regard, the force that is exerted by the center protons towards the outer protons is inversely proportion to the proton’s square of the separation distance. The separation distance squared comes about because the force field of an isolated proton charge is uniform towards all directions and becomes diluted with the separation distance just like the area of the centered sphere of the point charge which increases as its radius increases. Case 3 For the incoming protons, their potential energy is smaller compared to when they reach the bottom pit in the center. From Coulomb’s law (f=kq1q2/r2), potential energy is the product of force and distance which is given by PE= kq1q2/r. This means that as the protons move from outside they are far apart from each other hence remarkably little potential energy. When protons are in the center, the particles are close to each other leading to a small separation distance thus a greater potential energy compared to that of incoming protons. Case 4 Binding energy is the mechanically required energy to disassemble an atom into nucleus and free electrons (Jones International University, 2011). Helium has a lower binding energy compared to beryllium and iron. This is because helium has an atomic mass of 2, beryllium has an atomic mass of 4, whereas iron has an atomic mass of 26. In this case, iron has the greatest binding energy because of its atomic mass that is larger than that of beryllium and helium. This is so because, from the periodic table (of elements), the elements with greater atomic mass have increasing binding energy than those with a small atomic mass up to elements that are heavier than xenon which do not obey this trend. This is due to the increasing nucleon force in the nucleus as an extra nucleon gets attracted to other nucleons making the nucleus to be tightly bound. On the other hand, the amount of energy needed to pull the nuclei together for a tight bound is less for in an iron atom than the beryllium and helium atom. This is due to the fact that iron atom has a larger atomic mass than the helium and beryllium atoms. The larger the atomic mass, the more the energy levels of an atom and the less the energy needed to push the nucleus together for a tight bound. Case 5 Uranium 238 has 92 protons and 146 neutrons. Its binding energy can be given by: a - b /A1/3 - cZ2/A4/3- d (N-Z) 2 /A2 Â ± e/A7/4. Where a = 14.0, b = 13.0, c = 0.585, d= 19.3, and e = 33. A is the number of nucleons, Z is the number of protons in the nucleus, and N is the number of neutrons in the nucleus. B.E/A = 14-13/238^1/3- 0.585x92^2/238^4/3 – 19.3 (146-92) ^2/238^2Â ± 33/238^7/4 = 0.1614-3.357-0.9936 Â ±0.002288 =-4.1892

Refurbishment Of The Old Hospital Building Construction Essay

Refurbishment Of The Old Hospital Building Construction Essay Health issues are the primary concern of the government and needs to be dealt with high priority. This project is about ABC hospital trust which is under performing given the available hospital infrastructure. The desired result is to improve the hospital infrastructure and provide relief to the local community. There are two options available: 1) New Build project 2) Refurbishment of the old hospital building. The new build project seems to be a sound financial investment with regards to the public sector procurement. Benefits to be derived from this would be lower operational costs, lower maintenance costs, lower energy consumption, better budget control, high quality, improved functionality, and timely completion of the project. In Public sector procurement great deal of preference should also be given to the full life value of the project rather than short term capital cost. This report is a consideration of different procurement options with respect to addressing the objectives of the client and to achieve best value for money with a focus on the public sector procurement. It also presents a project management plan that includes various tasks which needs to be carried out for successful completion of the project. The Work Breakdown structure (WBS), linear responsibility Chart (LRC) and Action Plan (AP) are used to illustrate the type and scope of work which needs to be done over the entire life of the project. By taking all these factors in to consideration the integrated approach in the form of Design and build- Novation is adjudged as the best form of procurement. The main points which make this system reliable are speed of construction, single point responsibility (usually a contractor who would be responsible for managing the design and construction of the project); savings in cost along with maintain design standards throughout the phases of the project. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 66-90) INTRODUCTION The project is to provide a 6 storey hospital building providing acute care, accident and emergency, maternity and outpatient provision according to NHS Estates own design standards. Majority of the building will be given to inpatient services. The new build project option would comprise not only of the hospital building but also the associated road works, parking, hard and soft landscaping drainage and external works along with office accommodation, restaurant, and warehouse and delivery areas. The new build site is derelict and has been demolished to the ground level. It was used by heavy industry and has slabs and foundation remaining. The site is also subjected to subsidence and requires ground stabilization. There is a derelict pedestrian bridge which needs to be demolished. Also there are mineshafts which need to be blocked before the commencement of construction as it would be a major safety hazard. The refurbishment option of the existing building would involve substantial refurbishment and remodeling of the existing building. This would require intricate phasing and planning to allow its healthcare activities to continue. This would hinder the progress of the project which could in turn affect project completion times. The trust cannot afford this as they have limited time in their hands to make the facilities operational. Moreover substantial refurbishment and remodeling would involve costs which will be highly uncertain. The client is familiar with only conventional or the traditional procurement system. Traditional system requires design to be completed well before the actual construction commences. The sequential, fragmented and confrontational nature of the traditional system can result in lengthy design and construction periods, poor communication between clients and the project team and problems of buildability. (Masterman, 2006). The client has only 48 months to get the improved facilities operational. Hence, due to time constraint the client needs recommendation for new types of procurement systems to cope up with project deadlines and budget. STAKEHOLDERS A project stakeholder is a person or a group of people who have a vested interest in the success of the project and the environment within which the project operates. (Olander Landin, 2005, p. 1). The inference is that stakeholder can be an individual or a group of individuals which have the power to be a threat or a benefit for the project. Project managers should try to address the concerns of all stakeholders with effective communication to avoid conflicts and controversies in the project to ensure smooth completion of the project. (Olander Landin, 2005, pp. 1-8). Lack of integral engagement with stakeholders could also lead to failure of the project. They form an integral part of the project and one of the crucial factors in smooth completion of project. On the other hand, Business also has some stake in the individuals or groups for using their resources or their influences for running the business. (Walker Marr, 2001) For this purpose they have to be analysed in the following way : Identification of stakeholders Stakeholder mapping by Power/interest matrix Power/predictability matrix Stakeholder Management IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS Different stakeholders that can be associated with this project will be ABC hospital trust, City council local authority, Project manager, Architects, Contractors, Material Suppliers, Site Engineer, Structural consultants, NHS, Health and safety regulations, Wild life conservation, Insurance company, General Public- end users(patients and visitors),Hospital employees, Fire department. STAKEHOLDER MAPPING Stakeholder mapping can be done by arranging all the stakeholders of this hospital project into Power/Level of interest matrix and Power/Predictability matrix. Power / Level of Interest Matrix for this project Stakeholders with low level of interests and low power are easy to manage and would require minimal effort. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with high level of interests and low power to influence them needs to be informed about the major decisions of the project. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with low level of interest but with high power should be dealt with carefully and should be kept satisfied, failing to which their level of interests will rise and they will become stakeholders with high power and high level of interest. (Newcombe, 2003) Stakeholders with high level of interest and high power are key players and should be given top priority. The strategy of the project should have their consent at all times. (Newcombe, 2003) Power / Predictability Matrix for this project According to Power/Predictability matrix following inferences can be obtained: Stakeholders with low power and low predictability are manageable. Stakeholders with low power and high predictability will seldom cause any problems. STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT PROCESS. Project success criteria should be carefully evaluated in terms of time, cost and performance which might be influenced by or affect or concern the stakeholders directly. For effective execution of the project, resources should be available on time. These resources many a times would be at the discretion of the stakeholders. So after carefully analyzing stakeholder groups and interest levels along with predictability, stakeholder analysis with respect to stakeholders attitude should be carried out. (Turner, 2003, pp. 103-107) Stakeholder attitude can be accessed by the current level of support for the project by key stakeholders. With progress of the project, the stakeholders attitude towards the project can change which needs to be carefully monitored by the project manager. The different attitudes of the stakeholders can be summarized as follows: Changing the negative stakeholders attitude will require efforts by the project team. Key stakeholders should be the main focus of the team as they can affect the success of the project. When the stakeholders current commitment towards the project match their required commitment level then they must not be ignored, as ignoring them might change their attitude towards the project which is not desirable for the progress of the project. (Turner, 2003, pp. 109-110) STAKE HOLDER OBJECTIVES The main objective of the stakeholders would be to get high quality of health care operational within precincts of time, budget and quality. Future developments should be sustainable. CLIENT OBJECTIVES To select the best procurement route to achieve better value for money and to ensure the requirements of the stakeholders are met. To ensure the new facilities are in accordance with NHS design panel. To ensure that the project is completed within the time frame of 48 months given to them from the government. PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS Procurement is a strategy to satisfy clients development and/or operational needs with respect to the provision of constructed facilities for a discrete life cycle-By International Commission on Building (CIB W92) during its 1997 meeting. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 26-27) It can also be defined as the process that involves design, specification and acquisition of goods and services. (Carter Kirby, 2006) Procurement not only should encompass the method in design and construction of the project but also the cultural, economic, managerial, political and environmental issues raised by their implementation (McDermott Rowlinson, 1999) CLASSIFICATION OF PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS Procurement systems can be classified as follows: Separated procurement system Integrated procurement system Management oriented procurement system Discretionary system 1)Separated procurement systems: This type of system also known as the conventional system has the responsibilities for design and construction allotted to separate teams such as design team, quantity surveyors, contractors etc. For proper execution of the project the client has to deal with all the members of the project team and is himself responsible for funding and risks involved. Traditional system of procurement comes under this category. (Masterman, 2006, p. 28) 2)Integrated procurement systems: This type of system deals with responsibilities for the design and construction bestowed usually on the contractor. Hence in theory, the client has to deal with only a single organization. Design and build, novated design and build, package deal, turnkey approach are examples of this type of procurement system. (Masterman, 2006, p. 29). 3)Management-oriented procurement systems: This type of systems has the management aspect of the project carried out by an organization in co-ordination with designers, consultants to execute various activities of the project. The client will have a greater involvement in the project as compared to other procurement systems. Management contracting, construction management and design and manage come under the category of management oriented procurement systems. (Masterman, 2006, p. 29) 4)Discretionary systems: This system many a times can be argued that in reality this is not a procurement system, instead it can be means of controlling the project. The definition by Construction Industry Board (CIB) W92 states that It is a strategy to satisfy clients development and / or operational needs. The selection of the procurement system depends on the client and he lays down a framework for the overall administration of the project. Partnering and British Property Federation system are examples of this type. (Masterman, 2006, pp. 28-29,131-136) SELECTION OF PROCUREMENT ROUTE FOR HOSPITAL BUILDING Selection of a procurement route involves many factors to be considered such as Project cost, completion time, quality standards required, size of the project, risks involved, complexity of the project. Based on all the above factors Design and build novated system seems to be a suitable option for the hospital project. The main factors to be considered in this project keeping in mind the requirements of ABC hospital trust are: Project completion time Project management efficiency Project costs Provide relief to the community. Best value for money Project completion time is a major factor to be considered as any delay in this project completion would result in closure of the hospital which would have a major impact on quality of health care in the city. Delay in completion time would also result in delayed commissioning of medical equipments. Design and build Novated system enables design and construction stages to be overlapped in the project enabling speedy completion of the project. Commissioning of medical equipments and making quality healthcare operational within 48 months can be achieved by using this procurement system. Walker (1997) agrees to Smith and Wilkins (1996) that non-traditional procurement systems are more likely to enhance construction performance. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006) As design and construction stages are overlapped it helps in improving communications between the client (ABC hospital trust) and the contractor. Hence overall project management efficiency is improved along with shorter project completion time. Certainty of project costs in this kind of procurement system can be achieved as there is no ambiguity in the clients requirements. Evidence also exists to support the widely held belief that when using this system the initial and final costs are lower than when using other methods of procurement basically as a result of diminished design costs, the integration of design and construction elements and the in-buildability of detailed design. This evidence was given further support by the University of Readings report when it was established that projects procured using this system were a minimum 13 percent cheaper than those using more conventional approaches. (Masterman, 2006, p. 79) Existing hospital can continue to provide some relief to the community till the new hospital building is constructed. Best value for money can be achieved by assessing on the whole life cost of the hospital rather than the initial capital costs. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006). Whole life costs will not only include construction costs but also operational and maintenance cost over the life cycle of the project. WHY NEW BUILD PROJECT Benefits of choosing a new build project with design and build- novated type of procurement (New build) as compared to refurbishment are as follows: Refurbishment Existing Hospital. Design Build Novated Approach Requirements of the client 1) Uncertainty of Project costs as refurbishment can bring out many unknown costs involved in it. Certainty of Project costs. Project costs should be certain and should not exceed the estimated costs. 2) Uncertainty in completion time required for the project as the hospital would be in operation during refurbishment. Project completion time is certain. High speed of completion as it overlaps design and construction phase. Construction is 12% faster as compared to conventional systems. (Masterman, 2006, p. 78) Project should meet the 48 month deadline and should be fully operational. 3) Being an old building, it will be difficult to incorporate energy efficient methods or new technology leading to higher operational costs. New buildings can accommodate for energy efficiency which would lower the operational costs of the building. Low operational cost of the building. 4) Though the report show that refurbishment costs are lower as compared to new building, uncertainty in time and costs will lead to choosing new build. Construction costs are higher but certain. Low construction costs. 5) Whole life cycle costs would be more because of high operational costs throughout the life time of the project. Whole life cycle costs will be less and good value for money can be achieved. Best value for money. 6) Less energy efficient building. High costs would be involved to employ energy efficient methods Sustainability can be achieved with lower costs of accommodating energy efficient methods. Sustainable Construction. 7) Difficult to accommodate changes in design of building. Can be built as per the latest design required to incorporate changes in technology. Flexibility in design to accommodate changes in technology. 8) Existing health care facilities would be partially available to the public as refurbishing activities would be going on simultaneously. Existing health care facilities will be available to the public in the old hospital. Maintaining the existing healthcare facilities and upgrading them for future. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply chain management can be defined as the network of organizations that are involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate customer. (Vrijhoef Koskela, 2000) Supply chain management involves selection from different sellers and buyers inorder to get greater benefit from them rather than just focusing on an individual. Well managed supply chains often save upto 20% of the total supply chain costs whereas a poorly managed supply chain can ruin the economy of the company. (Gattorna, 2003). Present advances made by commercial companies in understanding the ways in which the supply chain works leads to significantly enhanced expectations for people who are responsible for procuring, commissioning and managing the construction activities. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006, pp. 41-42). EFFECT OF PROCUREMENT ON SUPPLY CHAIN The most problematic area in the procurement process lies in the different stages of the construction supply chain between the interfaces of organizations. (McDermott Rowlinson, 1999, p. 58) In design and build Novated approach, the contractor is responsible for design and construction of the project. Being the sole person or agency it reduces the interfaces between organizations leading to efficient supply chain management. Also, the contractor might be having business relations with suppliers which would enable faster and effective communication between them regarding the requirements of the project. EFFECT OF PROCUREMENT ON QUALITY The designers have a task to integrate all the requirements in the project like fit for purpose, sustainable considerations, durability, strength, the aesthetics of the building, construction methods, selection of materials etc. This system has the same design team throughout the progress of the project providing better co ordination and clear objective for achieving high quality sustainability in the project. RISK MONITORING Construction projects require decisions to be made. Risk management is the technique used for decision making process. It is critical to have sufficient knowledge regarding the impact of the decision. Delay in making decision for gathering more information would result in delays in the project which would be highly detrimental and decisions made without sufficient information could have huge impact on the project. Hence, Risk identification and analysis form the basic steps to be performed in any project. (Smith, Merna, Jobling, 2006) Risk identification should be done for the entire project life cycle rather than only construction phase. Selection of suitable procurement route will ensure that risks are dealt in the best possible way. Risks not identified at the inception stage would require negotiations with the contractor which may or may not be successful. If successful then it would involve increased financial implications on the part of the client leading to cost over-runs. Risk identification can be done by three different methodologies: Brainstorming sessions. Analysis of historical data. Use of Industrial checklists. Assumption analysis. Delphi technique. The primary motive of risk identification is the recognition of potential sources of risk rather than perfect predictions of the future. Be any kind of procurement, risks are bound to be involved. We can just minimize the risks involved by selecting procurement system based on the requirements of the client and objectives of the project. Cheung (1997) suggests that risks should be allocated using the following priorities : person or organization best able to control risk effectively, who can absorb it financially, who has most information to control it, who benefits most from scheming it or for whom risk is normal in it business role. This can be used to allocate risk properly to the right agency which will benefit project progress. (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006, pp. 18-19) EFFECT OF SELECTION OF PROCUREMENT ROUTE ON RISK ALLOCATION. In design and build novated approach, it is the responsibility of the contractor to deal with design, construct and commissioning. Sometimes, operation and maintenance are also included in contractors scope of work for ensuring that it is upto the clients specification. All the risks associated are borne by the contractor rather than the client. The inference is that the clients involvement in the project would be minimal. This approach increases the risks for the contractor when compared to conventional approach. Once the specifications are finalized it is difficult for client to alter them. Altering the specifications would result in increased premiums. So it is essential to prepare the specifications carefully to avoid cost associated risks involved in the project. (Smith, Merna, Jobling, Risk allocation in Contracting Cycle, 2006). BEST VALUE FOR MONEY ABC hospital trust can achieve best value for money by choosing the new build project as it would lead to reduced whole life cycle cost, lower operational and maintenance cost. Being a new building, it would be easy to accommodate for energy efficient new technologies. It would lead to sustainable construction practices which wont be possible or will be difficult to implement in refurbishing the hospital building. Design and build-novated procurement system gives high speed of construction(early completion of the project) along with certainty of cost making it the ideal procurement system for this project with respect to value for time and money. BENCHMARKING PERFORMANCE Performance can be measured during construction by: Milestone Completion: Experienced Project Managers know that it is important to check the planned and actual completion dates of project milestones and physical evidence that the work is actually completed. (Schwalbe, 2006) Performance Review meetings Periodic project performance review meetings with the management help in tracking the project and control project schedules. A tracking Gantt chart that compares planned and actual project schedule information can be used for reporting the information to the stakeholders of the project. (Schwalbe, 2006) Worker morale The morale of workers and their work behavior will give a clear indication of the schedule performance. For example: If the project team members are working for extra hours every day then it will be a clear indication that the schedules are not realistic and the project manager would have to add more resources or reschedule it. Performance can be measured after construction by UK Best Practice Program (BPP) by evaluating the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Client Satisfaction Product, Client Satisfaction-Service, Defects, Predictability-Cost, Predictability-Time, Profitability, Productivity, Construction Cost and Construction Time. (Kagioglou, Cooper, Aouad, 2001) Performance of the hospital project can also be measured in terms of productivity. Productivity of this project can be defined as the ratio of the output of a production process to that of the input production process. In relation to the construction industry it can be calculated by ratio of work units completed during a period to its associated costs in terms of man hours or dollars. According to Thomas Kramer work hours, quantities and productivity are evaluated with baseline values used in project estimates. Effectiveness of the current performance can be measured by comparing current performance to the historical data or planned productivity. (Cox, Issa, Ahrens, 2003) RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION The recommendation for ABC hospital trust is to construct a new hospital building using design and build Novated procurement system. This approach would reduce project completion time and increase cost effectiveness for the project. Quality at site, sustainability in construction activities can also be achieved with great success. Selection of this kind of approach would deliver good value for money for public sector procurement. This report also recommends periodical assessment of risk and stakeholders simultaneously with the progress of the project for avoiding conflicts. With careful monitoring of interests of the stakeholders in the project and appropriate risk management, the hospital project can be completed in an effective manner. Finally the end result to be achieved by this project would be win-win solution for all.

walking your walk :: essays research papers

Walking your Walk The book mentions that ethics is about behavior. This means that for something to be a part of your ethical beliefs, you must be willing to act accordingly if put the situation. If you are not willing to act on something that you say is your ethical and moral belief, is it really a part of your ethics. I do not think that a person can believe something and contradict the beliefs with the decisions that they choose to make. The decisions that people make decide for them, what their ethical and moral beliefs. Talk is cheap when it comes to ethics. I think that in the case of ethics, the phrase should be switched around. If you are walking the walk, you are allowed to talk the talk. For example a teacher has many students, and at the beginning of the semester, or the beginning of their teaching career, they choose to grade fairly and to give students grades depending of the scores of the homework, tests, and participation. This is the right ethical way to grade for the teacher. If the teacher has a student who tries really hard, and puts in the time outside of class, and has a tutor, but in the end just has a hard time with the subject matter. Would that student deserve to get a failing grade just because they are slower than the rest of the class. Why does the smart kid who has to put forth no effort, and everything just comes natural, get the good grade. I think that teachers are more inclined to give the student who tries so hard a passing grade, when the numbers are the things that should determine the grade. I think that you absolutely have an ethical responsibility to be a role model for others in your daily activities. If you are in a management position for example, how can you expect people to behave like you want them to if you are not willing to be the example? I believe that a manager, and even a person for that matter, should not ask you to do something that they would not do themselves if put in the same situation. If you are not acting on something that is part of your ethical and moral beliefs, than it does not belong as part of your ethical makeup. It is more of a moral and ethical wish list, and the only things on that list that you can claim, are the things that you are practicing, and using to make your decisions.